Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer, and while it is considered a "cancer," it typically does not spread to distant parts of the body like other aggressive cancers. However, if left untreated, it can grow larger and potentially damage nearby structures, especially if located close to the eye.
Causes of Basal Cell Carcinoma
The primary cause of basal cell carcinoma is excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun. Therefore, it is more common on areas of the body that are regularly exposed to sunlight, such as the face, head, neck, and ears. Fair-skinned individuals, particularly those with freckles, pale skin, and blonde or red hair are at higher risk of developing BCC. People with a history of extensive sun exposure, outdoor activities, living in sunny climates, using sunbeds, or having previously had a basal cell carcinoma are also at increased risk.
Symptoms of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Most basal cell carcinomas are painless and may first appear as a scab that occasionally bleeds and fails to heal completely. Other common appearances include a scaly red flat mark, a pearl-like rim surrounding a central crater, or lumpy nodules with visible blood vessels. Over time, untreated BCC may erode the skin and form an ulcer.
Diagnosis of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Diagnosis is often made based on the appearance of the lesion. If needed, a small area of abnormal skin can be removed for further examination under a microscope (biopsy). Local anaesthesia is used during the biopsy to numb the area.
Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinomas can be effectively cured in nearly all cases. Treatment options around the eye area include:
Surgical excision: The BCC is surgically removed along with a margin of healthy skin to ensure complete removal.
Mohs surgery: This is a specialized surgical technique where the tumour is removed in stages, and the tissue is examined under a microscope during the procedure to ensure complete removal while preserving healthy tissue.
Topical medications: In certain cases, topical creams or gels may be used for superficial BCC.
The choice of treatment depends on the size, location, and type of BCC, as well as the patient's overall health. Early detection and timely treatment are essential for successful outcomes. Regular skin examinations and sun protection are vital for prevention and early detection of skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma.